I dont think its possible out of the box, but depending on your requirements it might be possible to create your own field type which does it. Here's some info on custom field types in SharePoint: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms446361.aspx
Should this value automatically change if you change the view in the list? If so, you're in deep water since the value in a lists view is calculated using a CAML render pattern. I guess it would be possible to do it using JavaScript, but I wouldn’t recommend it.
If you always have the same view you can reuse the CAML query from the view to get the list item just before the one you are currently editing. Then you'll have to set the value of the field in the current list item as well as updating all other affected items.