Scanf skips every other while loop in C

Question

I'm trying to develop a simple text-based hangman game, and the main game loop starts with a prompt to enter a guess at each letter, then goes on to check if the letter is in the word and takes a life off if it isn't. However, when I run the game the prompt comes up twice each time, and the program doesn't wait for the user's input. It also takes off a life (one life if it was the right input, two if it wasn't), so whatever it's taking in isn't the same as the previous input. Here's my game loop, simplified a bit:

while (!finished)
{
 printf("Guess the word '%s'\n",covered);

 scanf("%c", &currentGuess);

 i=0;
 while (i<=wordLength)
 {
  if (i == wordLength)
  {
   --numLives;
   printf("Number of lives: %i\n", numLives);
   break;
  } else if (currentGuess == secretWord[i]) {
   covered[i] = secretWord[i];
   secretWord[i] = '*';
   break;
  }
  ++i;
 }

 j=0;
 while (j<=wordLength)
 {
  if (j == (wordLength)) {
   finished = 1;
   printf("Congratulations! You guessed the word!\n");
   break;
  } else {
   if (covered[j] == '-') {
    break;
   }
  }
  ++j;

  if (numLives == 0) {
   finished = 1;
  }

 }
}

I assume the problem is scanf thinking it's taken something in when it hasn't, but I have no idea why. Does anyone have any idea? I'm using gcc 4.0.1 on Mac OS X 10.5.

Answer 1

Just a guess, but you are inputting a single character with scanf, but the user must type the guess plus a newline, which is being consumed as a separate guess character.

Answer 2

Newlines.

The first time through the loop, scanf() reads the character. Then it reads the newline. Then it reads the next character; repeat.

How to fix?

I seldom use scanf(), but if you use a format string "%.1s", it should skip white space (including newlines) and then read a non-white space character. However, it will be expecting a character array rather than a single character:

char ibuff[2];

while ((scanf("%.1s", ibuff) == 1)
{
    ...
}

Answer 3

Break the problem up into smaller parts:

int main(void) {
    char val;
    while (1) {
        printf("enter val: ");
        scanf("%c", &val);
        printf("got: %d\n", val);
    }
}

The output here is:

enter val: g
got: 103
enter val: got: 10

Why would scanf give you another '10' in there?

Since we printed the ASCII number for our value, '10' in ASCII is "enter" so scanf must also grab the "enter" key as a character.

Sure enough, looking at your scanf string, you are asking for a single character each time through your loop. Control characters are also considered characters, and will be picked up. For example, you can press "esc" then "enter" in the above loop and get:

enter val: ^[
got: 27
enter val: got: 10

Answer 4

A couple points I noticed:

• scanf("%c") will read 1 character and keep the ENTER in the input buffer for next time through the loop
• you're incrementing i even when the character read from the user doesn't match the character in secretWord
• when does covered[j] ever get to be '-'?

Answer 5

I'll guess: your code is treating a newline as one of the guesses when you enter data. I've always avoided the *scanf() family due to uncontrollable error handling. Try using fgets() instead, then pulling out the first char/byte.

Answer 6

I see a couple of things in your code:

1. scanf returns the number of items it read. You will probably want to handle the cases where it returns 0 or EOF.
2. My guess would be that the user is hitting letter + Enter and you're getting the newline as the second character. An easy way to check would be to add a debugging printf statement to show what character was entered.
3. Your code will only match the first occurrence of a match letter, i.e. if the word was "test" and the user entered 't', your code would only match the first 't', not both. You need to adjust your first loop to handle this.

Answer 7

Jim and Jonathan have it right.

To get your scanf line to do what you want (consume the newline character w/o putting it in the buffer) I'd change it to

scanf("%c\n", &currentGuess);

(note the \n)

The error handling on this is atrocious though. At the least you should check the return value from scanf against 1, and ignore the input (with a warning) if it doesn't return that.

Answer 8

When you read keyboard input with scanf(), the input is read after enter is pressed but the newline generated by the enter key is not consumed by the call to scanf(). That means the next time you read from standard input there will be a newline waiting for you (which will make the next scanf() call return instantly with no data).

To avoid this, you can modify your code to something like:

scanf("%c%*c", &currentGuess);

The %*c matches a single character, but the asterisk indicates that the character will not be stored anywhere. This has the effect of consuming the newline character generated by the enter key so that the next time you call scanf() you are starting with an empty input buffer.

Caveat: If the user presses two keys and then presses enter, scanf() will return the first keystroke, eat the second, and leave the newline for the next input call. Quirks like this are one reason why scanf() and friends are avoided by many programmers.

Answer 9

When you enter the character, you have to enter a whitespace character to move on. This whitespace character is present in the input buffer, stdin file, and is read by the scanf() function. This problem can be solved by consuming this extra character. This can be done by usnig a getchar() function.

scanf("%c",&currentGuess);
getchar(); //To consume the whitespace character.

I would rather suggest you to avoid using scanf() and instead use getchar(). The scanf() requires a lot of memory space. getchar() is a light function. So you can also use-

char currentGuess;
currentGuess=getchar();
getchar(); //To consume the whitespace character.