Is a pointer to a virtual member function valid in the constructor of the base class?

Question

My question is not about calling a virtual member function from a base class constructor, but whether the pointer to a virtual member function is valid in the base class constructor.

Given the following

class A
{
    void (A::*m_pMember)();

public:
    A() :
        m_pMember(&A::vmember)
    {
    }

    virtual void vmember()
    {
        printf("In A::vmember()\n");
    }

    void test()
    {
        (this->*m_pMember)();
    }
};

class B : public A
{
public:
    virtual void vmember()
    {
        printf("In B::vmember()\n");
    }
};

int main()
{
    B b;
    b.test();

    return 0;
}

Will this produce "In B::vmember()" for all compliant c++ compilers?

Answer 1

I think no. Pointer to virtual member function is resolved via VMT, so the same way as call to this function would happen. It means that it is not valid, since VMT is populated after constructor finished.

Answer 2

Read this article for an in-depth discussion of member function pointers and how to use them. This should answer all your questions.

Answer 3

IMO it is implementation defined to take address of a virtual function. This is because virtual functions are implemented using vtables which are compiler implementation specific. Since the vtable is not guaranteed to be complete until the execution of the class ctor is done, a pointer to an entry in such a table (virtual function) may be implementation defined behavior.

There is a somewhat related question that I asked on SO here few months back; which basically says taking address of the virtual function is not specified in the C++ standard.

So, in any case even if it works for you, the solution will not be portable.

Answer 4

"Valid" is a specific term when applied to pointers. Data pointers are valid when they point to an object or NULL; function pointers are valid when they point to a function or NULL, and pointers to members are valid when the point to a member or NULL.

However, from your question about actual output, I can infer that you wanted to ask something else. Let's look at your vmember function - or should I say functions? Obviously there are two function bodies. You could have made only the derived one virtual, so that too confirms that there are really two vmember functions, who both happen to be virtual.

Now, the question becomes whether when taking the address of a member function already chooses the actual function. Your implementations show that they don't, and that this only happens when the pointer is actually dereferenced.

The reason it must work this way is trivial. Taking the address of a member function does not involve an actual object, something that would be needed to resolve the virtual call. Let me show you:

namespace {
  void (A::*test)() = &A::vmember;
  A a;
  B b;
  (a.*test)();
  (b.*test)();
}

When we initialize test, there is no object of type A or B at all, yet is it possible to take the address of &A::vmember. That same member pointer can then be used with two different objects. What could this produce but "In A::vmember()\n" and "In B::vmember()\n" ?

Answer 5

I have found a little explanation on the Old New Thing (a blog by Raymond Chen, sometimes referred to as Microsoft's Chuck Norris).

Of course it says nothing about the compliance, but it explains why:

B b;

b.A::vmember(); // [1]

(b.*&A::vmember)(); // [2]

1 and 2 actually invoke a different function... which is quite surprising, really. It also means that you can't actually prevent the runtime dispatch using a pointer to member function :/

Answer 6

The pointer is valid, however you have to keep in mind that when a virtual function is invoked through a pointer it is always resolved in accordance with the dynamic type of the object used on the left-hand side. This means that when you invoke a virtual function from the constructor, it doesn't matter whether you invoke it directly or whether you invoke it through a pointer. In both cases the call will resolve to the type whose constructor is currently working. That's how virtual functions work, when you invoke them during object construction (or destruction).

Note also that pointers to member functions are generally not attached to specific functions at the point of initalization. If the target function is non-virtual, they one can say that the pointer points to a specific function. However, if the target function is virtual, there's no way to say where the pointer is pointing to. For example, the language specification explicitly states that when you compare (for equality) two pointers that happen to point to virtual functions, the result is unspecified.