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answers:

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I have downloaded php.vim file, which contains PHP-based syntax information. It should be able to provide syntax based folding, but I can't make it work for some reason.

I have set :let g:php_folding 2 and :set foldmethod=syntax but for no avail. I'm pretty sure the file is in right place and is read by vim, since I can do :let g:php_sql_query=1 which works.

The php.vim file is located in ~/.vim/syntax/php.vim

A: 

Apparently my VIM didn't run :syntax enable.

Doing :syntax enable fixed the problem, but I also added :syntax on to .vimrc

Masse
A: 

:syntax enable (or :syntax on) work because both those options also turn on filetype detection. The filetype has to be detected before folding or highlighting work.

If you're developing in PHP you probably want to add these three lines to your .vimrc

set nocompatible " Because filetype detection doesn't work well in compatible mode

filetype plugin indent on " Turns on filetype detection, filetype plugins, and filetype indenting all of which add nice extra features to whatever language you're using

syntax enable " Turns on filetype detection if not already on, and then applies filetype-specific highlighting.

Then you can put your let g:php_folding=2 and set foldmethod=syntax in your ~/.vim/after/ftplugin/php.vim file.

This will keep your .vimrc file clean, help organize all your settings, and the foldmethod=syntax will only affect php files (If you want to set syntax as your default fold method for all filestypes, leave that line in your .vimrc file)

For more detailed information read these help files:

:help filetype :help usr_05.txt :help usr_43.txt