machine code to compare two numbers

Question

what is the assembler syntax to see which of two numbers is greater? what is the lower level (machine code) for it? can we go even lower? once we get to the bit level, what happens? how is it represented in 0's and 1's?

Answer 1

First a CMP (comparison) instruction is called then one of the following:

jle - jump to line if less than or equal to
jge - jump to line if greater than or equal to

The lowest assembler works with is bytes, not bits (directly anyway). If you want to know about bit logic you'll need to take a look at circuit design.

Answer 2

The basic technique (on most modern systems) is to subtract the two numbers and then to check the sign bit of the result, i.e. see if the result is greater than/equal to/less than zero. In the assembly code instead of getting the result directly (into a register), you normally just branch depending on the state:

; Compare r1 and r2
    CMP $r1, $r2
    JLT lessthan
greater_or_equal:
    ; print "r1 >= r2" somehow
    JMP l1
lessthan:
    ; print "r1 < r2" somehow
l1:

Answer 3

This depends entirely on the processor you're talking about but it tends to be of the form:

cmp r1, r2
ble label7

In other words, a compare instruction to set the relevant flags, followed by a conditional branch depending on those flags.

This is generally as low as you need to get for programming. You only need to know the machine language for it if you're writing assemblers and you only need to know the microcode and/or circuit designs if you're building processors.

Answer 4

It varies from assembler to assembler. Most machines offer registers, which have symbolic names like R1, or EAX (the Intel x86), and have instruction names like "CMP" for compare. And for a compare instruction, you need another operand, sometimes a register, sometimes a literal. Often assemblers allow comments to the right of instruction.

An instruction line looks like:

<opcode>   <register> <operand>   ; comment

Your assembler may vary somewhat.

For the Microsoft X86 assembler, you can write:

CMP EAX, 23 ; compare register EAX with the constant 23

or

CMP EAX, XYZ ; compare register EAX with contents of memory location named XYZ

Often one can write complex "expressions" in the operand field that enable the instruction, if it has the capability, to address memory in variety of ways. But I think this answers your question.

Answer 5

As already mentioned, usually the comparison is done through subtraction.
For example, X86 Assembly/Control Flow.

At the hardware level there are special digital circuits for doing the calculations, like adders.