It is in fact possible to change -scratch that, to add- data using CSS with the content: property
However, this only works with the :before and :after pseudo-selector, allowing you for example to add a small image after external links (as wikipedia has) by stating:
a.external:after {
content: "<img src='image.gif' />";
}
There is no way to control the content of elements any other way than usign these two pseudo-selectors so it's not much help for you, sorry.
What can be done is add a background image to the input with the text you want it to show (for username fields in login boxes this is not uncommon), and have the image removed using :focus.
-edit-
Ionut G. Stan beat me to it.