I think it's easier and more accurate to get the markers within the actual bounds, instead of a radius. You could easily expand or shrink the bounds if you wish.
Javascript:
var bounds = map.getBounds();
var sw = bounds.getSouthWest();
var ne = bounds.getNorthEast();
var s = sw.lat();
var w = sw.lng();
var n = ne.lat();
var e = ne.lng();
PHP/SQL:
$query = "SELECT * FROM Markers WHERE ";
if ($w > $e) { // If the bounds include the intl. date line
$query .= "(lat BETWEEN $s AND $n) AND ((lng BETWEEN -180 AND $e) OR (lng BETWEEN $w AND 180))";
} else {
$query .= "(lat BETWEEN $s AND $n) AND (lng BETWEEN $w AND $e)";
}
But if you really want to go with the radius method, you can do something like this:
var w = map.getBounds().getSouthWest().lng();
var centerLng = map.getCenter().lng();
var distance = centerLng - w; // This is the distance from the center to the left edge in degrees.