XML validation error

Question

I'm trying to validate the following XML but I'm unable to, can you please spot the error?

<!-- menu: its a menu -->
<menu id="Welcome">
    <!--audio: file to play -->
    <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\Welcome.vox" />
</menu>

<!-- form: its a menu -->
<menu id="LanguageSelection">
    <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\LanguageSelection.vox" />

    <input timeout="5" max_timeout="2" max_invalid_input="2" valid_dtmfs="1, 2">

     <!-- noinput: if timeout occurred, execute this -->
     <noinput>
      <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\Timeout.vox" />
     </noinput>

     <!-- nomatch: if wrong dtmf given, following will execute -->
     <nomatch>
      <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\InvalidInput.vox" />
     </nomatch>

     <switch>
      <dtmf-1>
       <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\EnglishSelected.vox" />
      </dtmf-1>

      <dtmf-2>
       <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\UrduSelected.vox" />
      </dtmf-2>
     </switch>
    </input>
</menu>

<menu id="MainMenu">
    <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\MainMenu.vox" />

    <input timeout="5" max_timeout="2" max_invalid_input="2" valid_dtmfs="1, 2">

     <!-- noinput: if timeout occurred, execute this -->
     <noinput>
      <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\Timeout.vox" />
     </noinput>

     <!-- nomatch: if wrong dtmf given, following will execute -->
     <nomatch>
      <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\InvalidInput.vox"/>
     </nomatch>

     <switch>
      <dtmf-1>
       <goto menu="InformationMenu" />
      </dtmf-1>

      <dtmf-2>
       <goto menu="SupportMenu" />
      </dtmf-2>
     </switch>
    </input>
</menu>

I get the following error while validating with Validome.org.

Error: The markup in the document following the root element must be well-formed.

Error Position: <menu id="LanguageSelection">

Answer 1

You have more than one top level element <menu>.

Try the following. I have added <MenuItems> as a top level element and closed it at the end.

<MenuItems>
<!-- menu: its a menu -->
<menu id="Welcome">
    <!--audio: file to play -->
    <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\Welcome.vox" />
</menu>

<!-- form: its a menu -->
<menu id="LanguageSelection">
    <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\LanguageSelection.vox" />

    <input timeout="5" max_timeout="2" max_invalid_input="2" valid_dtmfs="1, 2">

        <!-- noinput: if timeout occurred, execute this -->
        <noinput>
                <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\Timeout.vox" />
        </noinput>

        <!-- nomatch: if wrong dtmf given, following will execute -->
        <nomatch>
                <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\InvalidInput.vox" />
        </nomatch>

        <switch>
                <dtmf-1>
                        <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\EnglishSelected.vox" />
                </dtmf-1>

                <dtmf-2>
                        <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\UrduSelected.vox" />
                </dtmf-2>
        </switch>
    </input>
</menu>

<menu id="MainMenu">
    <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\MainMenu.vox" />

    <input timeout="5" max_timeout="2" max_invalid_input="2" valid_dtmfs="1, 2">

        <!-- noinput: if timeout occurred, execute this -->
        <noinput>
                <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\Timeout.vox" />
        </noinput>

        <!-- nomatch: if wrong dtmf given, following will execute -->
        <nomatch>
                <audio src="D:\Telephony\VOXs\InvalidInput.vox"/>
        </nomatch>

        <switch>
                <dtmf-1>
                        <goto menu="InformationMenu" />
                </dtmf-1>

                <dtmf-2>
                        <goto menu="SupportMenu" />
                </dtmf-2>
        </switch>
    </input>
</menu>
</MenuItems>

You can check ur xml quickly by opening it in ie. When I opened your xml this is what I got.

Only one top level element is allowed in an XML document. Error processing resource 'file://Users/shoban/...

<menu id="LanguageSelection">
-^

Answer 2

You need a root level element. For example, wrap the menu elements inside of a <menus> tag.

<menus>
    <menu>
    </menu>
    <menu>
    </menu>
</menus>

Answer 3

Well-formedness

SUMMARY:

The XML specification defines an XML document as a text which is well-formed, i.e., it satisfies a list of syntax rules provided in the specification. The list is fairly lengthy; some key points are:

1. It contains only properly-encoded legal Unicode characters.
2. None of the special syntax characters such as "<" and "&" appear except when performing their markup-delineation roles.
3. The begin, end, and empty-element tags which delimit the elements are correctly nested, with none missing and none overlapping.
4. The element tags are case-sensitive; the beginning and end tags must match exactly.
5. There is a single "root" element which contains all the other elements.

Answer 4

The root cause of your issue is that your xml document has more than one root element per file.

In your particular case the basic structure of your document was:

<menu></menu>
<menu></menu>
<menu></menu>

That is defining 3 root elements in your document.

In order to define a single element you need to surround the three elements with a single root element as follows:

<menus>
   <menu></menu>
   <menu></menu>
   <menu></menu>
</menus>

You can find out more at this simple tutorial I found.