Is there an existing tool for Java that is similar to Microsoft's CHESS? Or is the CHESS source code open, so that I might try to convert it into Java?
If you just want to check your java program, have you considered doing it the other way around: convert java to managed code (http://www.ikvm.net/), and run it with chess?
There are quite a few static analysis tools for java, for example findbugs, that can help you find concurrency problems based on looking at your source code, but I haven't seen anything that would actually attempt to run an application.
Google's Thread Weaver provides a somewhat similar capability for Java. From the Thread Weaver project page:
Thread Weaver is a framework for writing multi-threaded unit tests in Java.
It provides mechanisms for creating breakpoints within your code, and for halting execution of a thread when a breakpoint is reached. Other threads can then run while the first thread is blocked. This allows you to write repeatable tests that can check for race conditions and thread safety.