You can't get that information with just a facebook id unless the person who the information belongs to made that information public (which almost noone has).
The only solution I see is to ask your users for the extended permission "offline_access".
As far as I know you can only do this from within a facebook application or through the Facebook Connect javascript library (so not with the PHP library for instance).
This means that you will have to ask users to login at facebook through fb:connect atleast once, ask for offline access and store the facebook sessionKey in your local database.
Because you have offline access now, the facebook sessionKey won't expire and you can login serverside without the user being present.
This is how I implemented the php server side after attaining the permanent session:
$this->fb = new Facebook($settings["api_key"], $settings["secret"], false, true);
$this->fb->user = $facebookUserId;
$this->fb->api_client->session_key = $sessionKey;
$this->fb->api_client->set_user($facebookUserId);