Why am I getting strange results bit-shifting by a negative value?

Question

This question is NOT a duplicate of this question.

I came across a situation where I might have had to left-shift a (positive) number by a negative value, i.e., 8 << -1. In that case, I would expect the result to be 4, but I'd never done this before. So I made up a little test program to verify my hypothesis:

for (int i = -8; i <= 4; i++)
    Console.WriteLine("i = {0}, 8 << {0} = {1}", i, 8 << i);

which to my shock and surprise gave me the following output:

i = -8, 8 << -8 = 134217728
i = -7, 8 << -7 = 268435456
i = -6, 8 << -6 = 536870912
i = -5, 8 << -5 = 1073741824
i = -4, 8 << -4 = -2147483648
i = -3, 8 << -3 = 0
i = -2, 8 << -2 = 0
i = -1, 8 << -1 = 0
i = 0, 8 << 0 = 8
i = 1, 8 << 1 = 16
i = 2, 8 << 2 = 32
i = 3, 8 << 3 = 64
i = 4, 8 << 4 = 128

Can anyone explain this behaviour?

Here's a little bonus. I changed the left-shift to a right-shift, and got this output:

i = -8, 8 >> -8 = 0
i = -7, 8 >> -7 = 0
i = -6, 8 >> -6 = 0
i = -5, 8 >> -5 = 0
i = -4, 8 >> -4 = 0
i = -3, 8 >> -3 = 0
i = -2, 8 >> -2 = 0
i = -1, 8 >> -1 = 0
i = 0, 8 >> 0 = 8
i = 1, 8 >> 1 = 4
i = 2, 8 >> 2 = 2
i = 3, 8 >> 3 = 1
i = 4, 8 >> 4 = 0

Answer 1

You can't shift by a negative value. You also can't shift by a large positive number.

From the C# spec (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/a1sway8w.aspx):

If first operand is an int or uint (32-bit quantity), 
the shift count is given by the low-order five bits of second operand.

...


The high-order bits of first operand are discarded and the low-order 
empty bits are zero-filled. Shift operations never cause overflows.

Answer 2

In C-like languages << -1 doesn't translate to >> 1. Instead the least-significant 5 bits of the shift are taken and the rest ignored, so in this case the two's complement -1 translates to << 31.

You'll get the same results from eg. JavaScript javascript:alert(8<<-8).