Mathematics is a necessary foundation for a huge number of things that you may not think of as explicitly mathematics. Image processing, engineering, chemistry, physics, simulation in many forms, etc.
As an example, I am a bridge player. Frequently I had a desire to generate sets of random bridge hands to test out bidding systems. Yes, there are tools out there to do this, but I wanted my own. It was a matter of little effort to write a tool (with a gui interface) that can generate random bridge hands that satisfy a given set of constraints on the hand. It can be set to generate the probability a given hand type will result, or just generate a large set of hands for bidding practice.
Of course, all of these things can be said of many of the languages used out there, not only MATLAB. The point is if you understand the system that you wish to work with, and the computational tool you have at hand, many things can be done. For example, years ago I was given the task of solving a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations over a circular domain to solve an engineering problem. I had a spreadsheet available to me. So I wrote the solution in Excel. It worked.