Catching weird C pointer arithmetic bugs

Question

I recently ran into a very sneaky bug, in which I forget to dereference a pointer to a string (char array) and thus sometimes overwrote one byte on the stack.

Bad:

char ** str;
(*str) = malloc(10);
...
str[2] = 'a'; //overwrites 3 bytes from the location in which str is stored

Corrected:

char ** str;
(*str) = malloc(10);
...
(*str)[2] = 'a'; 

GCC produced no warnings, and this error would've resulted in a very serious and real exploit as the value it sometimes overwrote held the size of a buffer. I only caught this bug because I got luckly and it caused an obvious failure.

• Other than relying on luck and/or never using C for anything, what defensive coding techniques and tricks do you use to catch wierd C bugs?

• I'm thinking about moving to valgrind's MemCheck, has anyone used it? I suspect it wouldn't have caught this bug. Anyone know?

• Are there tools for catching pointer dereferencing or arithmetic bugs? Is that even possible?

UPDATE

Here is the requested example code, it does not throw any warnings.

#include <stdlib.h>

void test(unsigned char** byteArray){
    (*byteArray) = (unsigned char*)malloc(5);
    byteArray[4] = 0x0;
}

int main(void){
    unsigned char* str;
    test(&str);  
    return 0;
}

Compiling causes no errors:

gcc -Wall testBug.c -o testBug

Running causes a seg fault:

./testBug
Segmentation fault

This is the version of GCC I'm using:

gcc -v

Using built-in specs.
Target: i486-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 4.4.1-4ubuntu9' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-4.4/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --enable-shared --enable-multiarch --enable-linker-build-id --with-system-zlib --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --with-gxx-include-dir=/usr/include/c++/4.4 --program-suffix=-4.4 --enable-nls --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-objc-gc --enable-targets=all --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i486 --with-tune=generic --enable-checking=release --build=i486-linux-gnu --host=i486-linux-gnu --target=i486-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.4.1 (Ubuntu 4.4.1-4ubuntu9) 

Answer 1

I use Valgrind, it's a lifesaver!

valgrind --tool=memcheck -v ./yourapp

And MemCheck will detect that you have an invalid write with `str[2] = 'a';´.

Answer 2

GCC should give you

 warning: assignment makes pointer from integer without a cast

No?

Answer 3

My best defensive pointer strategy: Strongly avoid using more than one level of indirection. Dereferencing the pointer-to-pointer to assign memory to it is OK. But to then use the assigned memory as an array is asking for trouble, which you got. I would make it something like:

char **outStr;
*outStr = malloc(10);
char *str = *outStr;
str[2] = 10;

OK, actually it's just a keep-my-sanity strategy that happens to have defensive value as well. Pointers are fairly easy to understand when there's never more than one level of indirection at a time, and it's easier to make code work right when you understand it well.

Answer 4

My suggestion is not a tool, but a best practice: testing. Such bugs are usually very easy to find with rigorous testing of the code, beginning at the lowest-level of unit testing.

The code you show would never produce the correct result - it's not something that sometimes work and sometimes doesn't. Having a unit test for that piece of code can save hours of debugging later when it's integrated with other parts of the system.

Unit testing can be supplemented by coverage checking: either using an automatic tool, or just manually scanning the code and writing tests that target each part - this is actually a great way to re-read your code (another debugging tool) and is surprisingly effective.

Answer 5

Please use Valgrind. It's one of the best memory checking tools I have come across. It will surely detect your error.

Apart from detecting memory errors, valgrind also helps in detecting memory leaks, in-use memory blocks etc.

Even IBM Rational Purify will help you in detecting such errors. Though my personal favourite is Valgrind.