Just chain the CSS classes together, separated by periods:
$('.button.check').html("sample data");
You will also see better performance in some browsers, by specifying the tag name as well:
$('div.button.check').html("sample data");
Update: After reading Brian's answer, I re-read the original question I realized you might be under the impression you need to use both to reference the div. If you had:
<div class="button cancel">Cancel</div>
<div class="button check">Check</div>
Then chaining selectors (i.e. .button.cancel) would make sense. However, if it was the only div on the page or you wanted all the divs with button class, you don't need both classes:
<div class="button check">Check</div>
This would select it fine:
$('div.check').html("sample data");