I kind of solved this, but not in the way I wanted too. For the reference of others, I will provide a breakdown of what I did and the resources;
ELMAH: http://code.google.com/p/elmah/
URLRewritingNet: http://www.urlrewriting.net/149/en/home.html
This was really the only available option to me: http://csharpin.blogspot.com/2009/03/using-urlrewritingnet-and-elmah.html, but I had untold difficulty to get the code into my existing architecture without other adverse affects. I did try adding rules to the ExternalRewrite.config (URL Rewrite) to ignore *.axd, but that didn't pan out either. I was getting all sorts of weird behaviour.
I then decided to use Health Monitoring: http://www.4guysfromrolla.com/articles/031407-1.aspx instead of ELMAH. Sorry ELMAH :(
Health Monitoring was a snip to setup and then all I had to do was solve the nasty postback problem on rewritten URLs;
Health Monitoring web.config;
<!--he-mon-->
<healthMonitoring enabled="true">
<eventMappings>
<clear />
<add name="All Errors" type="System.Web.Management.WebBaseErrorEvent" startEventCode="0" endEventCode="2147483647" />
</eventMappings>
<providers>
<clear />
<add connectionStringName="healthMonitoringConnectionString" maxEventDetailsLength="1073741823" buffer="false" name="SqlWebEventProvider" type="System.Web.Management.SqlWebEventProvider" />
<add type="System.Web.Management.SimpleMailWebEventProvider" name="EmailWebEventProvider" from="xxx" to="yyy" bodyHeader="zzz" bodyFooter="000" buffer="false" />
</providers>
<rules>
<clear />
<add name="All Errors Default" eventName="All Errors" provider="SqlWebEventProvider" profile="Default" minInstances="1" maxLimit="Infinite" minInterval="00:00:00" />
<add name="All Errors Default Email" eventName="All Errors" provider="EmailWebEventProvider" profile="Default" minInstances="1" maxLimit="Infinite" minInterval="00:00:00" />
</rules>
</healthMonitoring>
<!--he-mon-->
Add the connection string to the connectionString
node too.
To fix the rather nasty postback on URL rewritten strings, I tried ScottGu's suggestion; Handling ASP.NET PostBacks with URL Rewriting: http://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/archive/2007/02/26/tip-trick-url-rewriting-with-asp-net.aspx, but I couldn't get that to work at all.
Starting to really regret getting into URL Rewriting, I finally added this to the one problematic page I had; Me.Form.Action = Me.Request.RawUrl
within the Page_Load
and it worked a treat.
I know this doesn't directly answer the question, but I hope it helps. I hope someone finds my information at least somewhat useful.