SchemaCrawler for Microsoft SQL Server is a command-line program that can generate a database diagram of your Microsoft SQL Server database. Your build system can invoke the SchemaCrawler command line. SchemaCrawler gives you "grep" options to include and exclude tables and columns from the diagram.
In practice, what I have found is that outputting a text file of the database schema is useful too, when done as part of the build. This way, you can check the text file into your source code control system, and have a version history of how your schema has evolved over time. SchemaCrawler is designed to automate this too, from the command-line.