In Google Chrome's extension developer section, it says
The HTML pages inside an extension have complete access to each other's DOMs, and they can invoke functions on each other. ... The popup's contents are a web page defined by an HTML file (popup.html). The popup doesn't need to duplicate code that's in the background page (background.html) because the popup can invoke functions on the background page
I've loaded and tested jQuery, and can access DOM elements in background.html with jQuery, but I cannot figure out how to get access to DOM elements in popup.html from background.html.