If you can get to the content of the stored procedure, you should change it to a table-valued function instead - if possible, an inline one (because that has a much higher chance of being able to be optimised).
This will let you query the results and change it as needed:
SELECT CASE column1
WHEN 'AAA' THEN 'Hello'
WHEN 'BBB' THEN 'goodbye'
END as NewColumn,
,*
FROM dbo.yourNewFunction() as t;
If you can't do this, and are very much stuck with a stored procedure, you could wrap it up in OPENROWSET:
SELECT CASE column1
WHEN 'AAA' THEN 'Hello'
WHEN 'BBB' THEN 'goodbye'
END as NewColumn,
, *
FROM OPENROWSET('SQLNCLI','Server=.;Trusted_Connection=Yes;','EXEC dbo.YourProc') as t;
This is a way to treat the output of a procedure as a table expression, but if you can do it without the procedure, that's better still.