Simple Way
Learn a bit about vectors. http://chortle.ccsu.edu/VectorLessons/vectorIndex.html
Movement is usually calculated by adding a vector scaled by a time delta to the current position. (Math talk makes simple things so complicated).
Basically: new_Pos = old_Pos + mov_Vec * time_delta
So by changing the mov_Vec you can increase/decrease speed.
You can also do it on x,y new_x = old_x + mov_x * time_delta
Using Physics Library
If you are using a physics library, you can apply force to an object to move it. You can also set the angular velocity if you want it to rotate.
If you were using Box2d you would do something like this:
body->ApplyImpulse( b2Vec2(1,1), body->GetWorldCenter() );
There's a difference between applying force and an impulse in box2d
Some sites to check out