There is no "server side" in chrome extensions. So no php.
You can communicate with remote server that has PHP installed though. You can read more about it here.
About detecting HTTP request. FF extensions have much more power than Chrome and have wider access to browser's internal API. Firebug Lite for Chrome is not able to track HTTP requests yet.
If you need to track HTTP requests there might be a solution though. Take a look at this bug report:
A partial solution to this problem is now available. Chrome now contains an event accessible to content scripts called "beforeload". For example:
document.addEventListener("beforeload", function(event) {
console.log("Caught resource load");
}, true);
This would fire for every resource load in the document. event.preventDefault() should block the resource from loading.
Seems like it should do the trick, but I haven't tried it myself yet.