Bash: echo string that starts with "-"

Question

VAR="-e xyz"
echo $VAR

This prints "xyz", for some reason. I don't seem to be able to find a way to get a string to start with -e.

What is going on here?

Answer 1

Try:

echo "$VAR"

instead.

(-e is a valid option for echo - this is what causes this phenomenon).

Answer 2

The -e is being interpreted by bash as an argument to echo. Try

echo "$VAR"

Answer 3

The variable VAR containts -e xyz, if you access the variable via $ the -e becomes a commandline option for echo. Note that the content of $VAR is not wrapped into "" automatically.

Use echo "$VAR" to fix your problem.

Answer 4

The answers that say to put $VAR in quotes are only correct by side effect. That is, when put in quotes, echo(1) receives a single argument of "-e xyz", and since that is not a valid option string, echo(1) just prints it out. It is a side effect as echo(1) could just as easily print an error regarding malformed options. Most programs will do this, but it seems GNU echo (from core utils) and the version built into bash simply echo strings that start with a hyphen but are not valid argument strings. This behaviour is not documented so it should not be relied upon.

Further, if $VAR contains a valid echo(1) option argument, then quoting $VAR will not help:

$ VAR="-e"
$ echo "$VAR"

$

Most GNU programs take "--" as an argument to mean no more option processing - all the arguments after "--" are to be processed as non-option arguments. Bash/GNU echo does not support this so you cannot use it. Even if it did, it would not be portable. echo(1) has other portability issues (-n vs \c, no -e).

The correct and portable solution is to use printf(1).

printf "%s\n" "$VAR"