Regex alone is not very good for determining nested conditions. Brace matching, quote matching etc, it just isn't really up to task. You can use a regex in combination with a loop to parse things, but on the other hand, it may be simpler to simply parse it yourself.
Maybe you could provide a few example strings to clarify what you need to match so I can answer better.
*edit: Looking at your proposed solution does it work with \\" where the \ is escaped, but not the "?
I suspect you'll find deficiencies in your regex if you're working with real world strings or complicated escape sequences. Likely this will not be the common case, but again, it is important to understand a regex is probably not what you actually want to do here. Regex has no concept of nested state, even for simple quotations escape sequences are hard to deal with correctly.