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I've been trying to figure out exactly what message-oriented middleware is, but haven't been able to find any non-enterprise real world examples that make sense to me. Can anyone give me a clear and easily understandable explanation of what MOM is, and possibly some simple examples of how it's used outside of enterprise?

A: 

Message-oriented middleware is a kind of infrastructure that uses message exchange rather than function calls / shared memory. It's a design principle, and as a result can be used anywhere. It's probably most useful in heterogeneous / high availability / high performance systems.

Gintautas Miliauskas
A: 

Message-oriented middleware is a framework system for sending and receiving messages on computer and data networks. Middleware messaging provides the base for Broker, application servers, and business process automation.

See nice sketch that explains it http://www.onlinemq.com/wiki/index.php/Image:Flow-diagram.jpg

Hans Eraas