I've encountered the same issue on different machines.
I get it right now on Win7 x86 with .NET v2.0.50727 CLR (3.5sp1).
The most quoated post doesn't help.
Notice that "Microsoft Symbol Server" is NOT source server with .NET sources. It hosts PDBs without source info (non-indexed). For .NET sources we need indexed PDBs from "http://referencesource.microsoft.com/symbols" and enable source server support.
But sometimes it stops working.
I guess the issue with being unable to download indexed .net's PDBs (as mentioned earlier) is related to version conflicts.
I can say only this:
WinServer 2008 R2 3.5.30729.4926 - works
Win7 x86 3.5.30729.4918 - doens't work
What I mean by "doesn't work": try to "load from symbols path" (from Module or Stack windows, doesn't matter) and get dialog for choosing .pdb (positioned in e.g. C:\Windows\assembly\GAC_32\mscorlib\2.0.0.0__b77a5c561934e089\mscorlib.pdb ). That is VS can't download pdb for dll. Absolutly the same actions on WinSrv2008r2 makes VS download pdb and (if source server support is enabled) sources.