Why does this Haskell code produce the "infinite type" error?

Question

I am new to Haskell and facing a "cannot construct infinite type" error that I cannot make sense of.

In fact, beyond that, I have not been able to find a good explanation of what this error even means, so if you could go beyond my basic question and explain the "infinite type" error, I'd really appreciate it.

Here's the code:

intersperse :: a -> [[a]] -> [a]

-- intersperse '*' ["foo","bar","baz","quux"] 
--  should produce the following:
--  "foo*bar*baz*quux"

-- intersperse -99 [ [1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
--  should produce the following:
--  [1,2,3,-99,4,5,6,-99,7,8,9]

intersperse _ [] = []
intersperse _ [x] = x
intersperse s (x:y:xs) = x:s:y:intersperse s xs

And here's the error trying to load it into the interpreter:

Prelude> :load ./chapter.3.ending.real.world.haskell.exercises.hs [1 of 1] Compiling Main ( chapter.3.ending.real.world.haskell.exercises.hs, interpreted )

chapter.3.ending.real.world.haskell.exercises.hs:147:0: Occurs check: cannot construct the infinite type: a = [a] When generalising the type(s) for `intersperse' Failed, modules loaded: none.

Thanks.

EDIT: Thanks to the responses, I have corrected the code and I also have a general guideline for dealing with the "infinite type" error in Haskell:

Corrected code

intersperse _ [] = []
intersperse _ [x] = x
intersperse s (x:xs) =  x ++ s:intersperse s xs

What the problem was:

My type signature states that the second parameter to intersperse is a list of lists. Therefore, when I pattern matched against "s (x:y:xs)", x and y became lists. And yet I was treating x and y as elements, not lists.

Guideline for dealing with the "infinite type" error:

Most of the time, when you get this error, you have forgotten the types of the various variables you're dealing with, and you have attempted to use a variable as if it were some other type than what it is. Look carefully at what type everything is versus how you're using it, and this will usually uncover the problem.

Answer 1

The problem is in the last clause, where you treat x and y as elements, while they are lists. This will work:

intersperse _ [] = []
intersperse _ [x] = x 
intersperse s (x:y:xs) = x ++ [s] ++ y ++ intersperse s xs

The infinite type error occurs because the : operator has type a -> [a] -> [a], while you treat it as [a] -> a -> [a], which means that [a] must be identified with a, which would mean that a is an infinitely nested list. That is not allowed (and not what you mean, anyway).

Edit: there is also another bug in the above code. It should be:

intersperse _ [] = []
intersperse _ [x] = x
intersperse s (x:xs) = x ++ [s] ++ intersperse s xs

Answer 2

I may be wrong, but it seems you're trying to solve a more difficult problem. Your version of intersperse doesn't just intersperse the value with the array, but also flattens it one level.

The List module in Haskell actually provides an intersperse function. It puts in the value given between every element in the list. For example:

intersperse 11 [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] = [1, 11, 3, 11, 5, 11, 7, 11, 9]
intersperse "*" ["foo","bar","baz","quux"] = ["foo", "*", "bar", "*", "baz", "*", "quux"]

I'm assuming this is what you want to do because it's what my professor wanted us to do when I was learning Haskell. I could, of course, be totally out.

Answer 3

Also I found this which explains the meaning of the error.

Every time the interpreter/compiler gives me this error it's because I'm using some type-parametrized tuple as formal parameter. Everything works correctly by removing the type definition of the function, which was containing type variables.

I still cannot figure out how to both fix it and keep the function type definition.