Okay, so I'm just poking around myself so I'm not absolutely sure, but it appears that the table you are looking for is found in the following location relative to the glibc root:
localedata/locales/i18n
This appears to be the Unicode (version 5) locale. It contains the following, which is where I believe you need to make your changes:
% ENCLOSED ALPHANUMERICS/
<U24D0>..<U24E9>;/
In case you're wondering, the function ctype_output (ld-ctype.c) calls allocate_arrays which calls wcwidth_table_init. The function wcwidth_table_init is generated by 3level.h (which also generates other tables that follow the same template). This is the chain that I followed to track down the files in localedate/locales.
Like I said, I'm not 100% sure that this is the right table, but I thought I'd share what I had found.