Developer here. The answer is yes and no. At the moment, yes, you can see this working if you go to Google Product Search on Android. You'll see a scan barcode button which launches Barcode Scanner -- apps can respond to URLs clicked in the browser, yes.
Barcode Scanner is hard-coded to respond after scanning by sending you to a product result page from Google Product Search. So at the moment, no, it can't be made to redirect you anywhere else.
But, this week a change was checked in to allow you to do exactly this. It'll be available in an upcoming Barcode Scanner version.