I would recommend some projects like NServiceBus, which make extensive use of polymorphism (not to mention the NServiceBus API is one of the best APIs I've had the pleasure of using). Also consider something like StructureMap, which uses a model-based configuration API (I actually use Ninject as my IoC of choice, and it could prove to have some interesting code as well). It's hard for me to point out whether or not these projects use specific design patterns, and how many it may use, but I do know that they use some modern APIs and modern approaches to object oriented design.
I would say, though, that your best bet is going to be to find an open source project that you find interesting, or that you use regularly, and crack it open and see what makes it tick. If you are familiar with the details of using the code (whatever it may be), then you will probably gain more insight be looking at the code because you know what it is doing.