Look for satellite assemblies in your application's directory : for each subdirectory, check if it's name corresponds to a culture name, and if it contains a '.resources.dll' file :
public IEnumerable<CultureInfo> GetAvailableCultures()
{
    var programLocation = Process.GetCurrentProcess().MainModule.FileName;
    var resourceFileName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(programLocation) + ".resources.dll";
    var rootDir = new DirectoryInfo(Path.GetDirectoryName(programLocation));
    return from c in CultureInfo.GetCultures(CultureTypes.AllCultures)
           join d in rootDir.GetDirectories() on c.IetfLanguageTag equals d.Name
           where d.GetFiles(resourceFileName).Any()
           select c;
}