Presumably you are looking to build something like a search engine that can find a relevant document in a sea of nondescript documents which do not contain any metadata, only their textual content.
Computers are notoriously bad at this kind of categorization, for the same reasons that they can identify spelling, but not grammar errors. It's a pattern matching problem that relies on human context to determine the correct solution.
Google is good at this because it relies on human behaviors to create relevance (like how many links from other sites a page has).
The closest thing I can think of that will do what you want (without actually attaching genuine metadata to each document by hand) is full text search. The Wikipedia article has several references to software that does this.