I want to add a twitter feed for a specific keyword search to my rails application. Where should I start?
You might start with one of the Twitter API libraries written for Ruby.
You may want to consider grabbing the RSS feed for the search and parsing that. I show that in Railscasts episode 168. If you need something more fancy the API is the way to go as Dav mentioned.
But whichever solution you choose, it's important to cache the search results locally on your end. This way your site isn't hitting Twitter every time someone goes to the page. This improves performance and will make your site more stable (not breaking when twitter breaks). You can have the cache auto-update every 10 minutes (or whatever fits) using a cron task.
We download and store the tweets in a local database. I recently wrote a blog post about how I achieved this:
http://www.arctickiwi.com/blog/16-download-you-twitter-feed-using-ruby-on-rails-with-oauth
You can then use will_paginate to handle your pagination and go back as far as you want.