Looking at the ECS docs, it seems you need to specify an IdType parameter of 'ISBN'. I've never used this particular gem, but I'm guessing the request would look something like this:
Amazon::Ecs.item_lookup('9781934356166', :response_group => 'ItemAttributes,Images', :id_type => 'ISBN')
According to the docs "All IdTypes except ASINx require a SearchIndex to be specified" so you'll most likely need to do this:
Amazon::Ecs.item_lookup('9781934356166', :response_group => 'ItemAttributes,Images', :id_type => 'ISBN', :search_index => 'Books')