In short, it's a synonym for unit test code.
I believe it originates from hardware design:
A hardware developer would create a device, then plug that device into a "test bench", which would then run sample inputs and verify that the output on the pins of the device was correct. It was basically the first (automated?) unit testing.
Flash forward to today, it's a synonym for something that performs unit tests. A TestFixture class in Nunit is analagous to a test bench: You "plug" your class into the TestFixture, and it does its thing similar to how a physical test bench works for hardware.