Is there software that can give an email, with full headers, a spam score? What do most people use? I've seen places like mailchimp.com show a spam calculator. What do they use to determine this score?
Though I am not sure if Akismet can handle email, you can check it out, it recognizes patterns in the content to determine if they are spam and they also have an API.
On my own server, I am using spamassassin : it is a widely used tool (maybe not by gmail or hotmail, but I've seen it used in several big companies and/or universitis), which is both powerful, and working well.
The default configuration is not bad, and you can tune it really precisely, if necessary.
It can also integrate other tools, if I remember correctly (I've set it up a long time ago, and never had to change anything since)
For more informations, you can take a look at it's FAQ -- from what I recall, the documentation is not too bad.
Considering it can be used from command-line, it should not be hard to call from PHP, with something like shell_exec
or proc_open
.