It is possible to retrieve the name of all columns from sys.columns
It is possible to retrieve the name of all table from sys.tables
But is impossible to retrieve all the data from all the tables. As soon as more than one table is involved in a query, a JOIN is necessary. Unless join conditions are provided, tables are joined as full Cartesian product, meaning each row from each table is matched with each row from ll other tables. Such a query as you request would produce for 10 tables with 10 records each no less than 10e10 records, ie. 100 billion records. I'm sure you don't want this.
Perhaps if you explain what you what to achieve, not how, we can help better.
To select * from each table, one after another, you can use the undocumented but well known sp_msforeachtable:
sp_msforeachtable 'select * from ?'