You can use CGPathApply to iterate through the elements in a path. It's a little bit more complex than just a one-liner but if you package it up in a simple helper function, it might be useful for you. Here is one version that creates a new path and transforms it:
typedef struct {
    CGMutablePathRef path;
    CGAffineTransform transform;
} PathTransformInfo;
static void
PathTransformer(void *info, const CGPathElement *element)
{
    PathTransformInfo *transformerInfo = info;
    switch (element->type) {
        case kCGPathElementMoveToPoint:
            CGPathMoveToPoint(transformerInfo->path, &transformerInfo->transform,
                              element->points[0].x, element->points[0].y);
            break;
        case kCGPathElementAddLineToPoint:
            CGPathAddLineToPoint(transformerInfo->path, &transformerInfo->transform,
                                 element->points[0].x, element->points[0].y);
            break;
        case kCGPathElementAddQuadCurveToPoint:
            CGPathAddQuadCurveToPoint(transformerInfo->path, &transformerInfo->transform,
                                      element->points[0].x, element->points[0].y,
                                      element->points[1].x, element->points[1].y);
            break;
        case kCGPathElementAddCurveToPoint:
            CGPathAddCurveToPoint(transformerInfo->path, &transformerInfo->transform,
                                  element->points[0].x, element->points[0].y,
                                  element->points[1].x, element->points[1].y,
                                  element->points[2].x, element->points[2].y);
            break;
        case kCGPathElementCloseSubpath:
            CGPathCloseSubpath(transformerInfo->path);
            break;
    }
}
To use it you would do (this is the part I would put inside a helper function):
    PathTransformInfo info;
    info.path = CGPathCreateMutable();
    info.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(2, 1);
    CGPathApply(originalPath, &info,  PathTransformer);
The transformed path is in info.path at this point.