fork() and printf()

Question

As I understood fork() creates a child process by copying the image of the parent process.

My question is about how do child and parent processes share the stdout stream?

Can printf() function of one process be interrupted by other or not? Which may cause the mixed output.

Or is the printf() function output atomic?

For example:

The first case:

parent: printf("Hello");

child: printf("World\n");

Console has: HeWollorld

The second case:

parent: printf("Hello");

child: printf("World\n");

Console has: HelolWorld

Answer 1

The behavior of printf() may vary (depending on the exact details of your OS, C compiler, etc.). However, in general printf() is not atomic. Thus interleaving (as per your 1st case) can occur

Answer 2

stdout is usually line-buffered. stderr is usually unbuffered.

Answer 3

I don't think printf output of one process should affect printf output of other process.
If that have been the case many multithreaded applications (a thread is after all a LWP) would give messy outputs.
Also if you want proper ordering of outputs you should use wait functions of the API.

Answer 4

printf() is not guaranteed to be atomic. If you need atomicity, use write() with a string, preformatted using s*printf() etc., if needed. Even then, you should make the size of the data written using write() is not too big:

Write requests of {PIPE_BUF} bytes or less shall not be interleaved with data from other processes doing writes on the same pipe. Writes of greater than {PIPE_BUF} bytes may have data interleaved, on arbitrary boundaries, with writes by other processes, whether or not the O_NONBLOCK flag of the file status flags is set.