T-SQL: what COLUMNS have changed after an update?

Question

OK. I'm doing an update on a single row in a table. All fields will be overwritten with new data except for the primary key. However, not all values will change b/c of the update. For example, if my table is as follows:

TABLE (id int ident, foo varchar(50), bar varchar(50))

The initial value is:

id   foo   bar
-----------------
1    hi    there

I then execute UPDATE tbl SET foo = 'hi', bar = 'something else' WHERE id = 1

What I want to know is what column has had its value changed and what was its original value and what is its new value.

In the above example, I would want to see that the column "bar" was changed from "there" to "something else".

Possible without doing a column by column comparison? Is there some elegant SQL statement like EXCEPT that will be more fine-grained than just the row?

Thanks.

Answer 1

Try unpivotting both inserted and deleted, and then you could join, looking for where the value has changed.

Answer 2

OUTPUT deleted.bar AS [OLD VALUE], inserted.bar AS [NEW VALUE]

@Calvin I was just basing on the UPDATE example. I am not saying this is the full solution. I was giving a hint that you could do this somewhere in your code ;-)

Since I already got a -1 from the above answer, let me pitch this in:

If you don't really know which Column was updated, I'd say create a trigger and use COLUMNS_UPDATED() function in the body of that trigger (See this)

I have created in my blog a Bitmask Reference for use with this COLUMNS_UPDATED(). It will make your life easier if you decide to follow this path (Trigger + Columns_Updated())

If you're not familiar with Trigger, here's my example of basic Trigger http://dbalink.wordpress.com/2008/06/20/how-to-sql-server-trigger-101/

Answer 3

You could detect this in a Trigger, or utilise CDC in SQL Server 2008.

If you create a trigger FOR AFTER UPDATE then the inserted table will contain the rows with the new values, and the deleted table will contain the corresponding rows with the old values.

Answer 4

If you are using SQL Server 2008, you should probably take a look at at the new Change Data Capture feature. This will do what you want.

Answer 5

There is no special statement you can run that will tell you exactly which columns changed, but nevertheless the query is not difficult to write:

DECLARE @Updates TABLE
(
    OldFoo varchar(50),
    NewFoo varchar(50),
    OldBar varchar(50),
    NewBar varchar(50)
)

UPDATE FooBars
SET <some_columns> = <some_values>
OUTPUT deleted.foo, inserted.foo, deleted.bar, inserted.bar INTO @Updates
WHERE <some_conditions>

SELECT *
FROM @Updates
WHERE OldFoo != NewFoo
OR OldBar != NewBar

If you're trying to actually do something as a result of these changes, then best to write a trigger:

CREATE TRIGGER tr_FooBars_Update
ON FooBars
FOR UPDATE AS
BEGIN
    IF UPDATE(foo) OR UPDATE(bar)
        INSERT FooBarChanges (OldFoo, NewFoo, OldBar, NewBar)
            SELECT d.foo, i.foo, d.bar, i.bar
            FROM inserted i
            INNER JOIN deleted d
                ON i.id = d.id
            WHERE d.foo <> i.foo
            OR d.bar <> i.bar
END

(Of course you'd probably want to do more than this in a trigger, but there's an example of a very simplistic action)

You can use COLUMNS_UPDATED instead of UPDATE but I find it to be pain, and it still won't tell you which columns actually changed, just which columns were included in the UPDATE statement. So for example you can write UPDATE MyTable SET Col1 = Col1 and it will still tell you that Col1 was updated even though not one single value actually changed. When writing a trigger you need to actually test the individual before-and-after values in order to ensure you're getting real changes (if that's what you want).

P.S. You can also UNPIVOT as Rob says, but you'll still need to explicitly specify the columns in the UNPIVOT clause, it's not magic.