Deferred evaluation in python

Question

I have heard of deferred evaluation in python (for example here), is it just referring to how lambdas are evaluated by the interpreter only when they are used? Or is this the proper term for describing how, due to python's dynamic design, it will not catch many errors until runtime?

Or am I missing something entirely?

Answer 1

Deferred evaluation is when an expression isn't evaluated until it is needed. In most languages, you use something like lambda to make this work. Here's a contrived example that shows part of the concept:

def list_files():
    for fn in os.listdir('.'):
        yield fn, lambda: open(fn, 'r').read()
for fn, body in list_files():
    if fn.endswith('.txt'):
        print body()

Here, list_files returns a bunch of filenames and a "thunk" (lambda with no arguments) which returns the file's contents. The "thunk" is a deferred evaluation. Using thunks allows you to separate your concerns:

• The for loop doesn't need to know how to read files, so list_files could be replaced with list_ftp_files or list_zip_archive.
• The list_files function doesn't need to know which files will be read. With thunks, it doesn't have to read every single file.

In proper deferred evaluation, once you evaluated the "thunk" it would replace itself with an evaluated copy, so evaluating it twice would be no more work than evaluating it once. There are other ways to accomplish the same thing, such as with classes and objects which cache values.

Deferred evaluation is a (relatively) common idiom in Scheme. In Haskell, evaluations are deferred by default and you don't need any syntax to do it (there's special syntax for turning it off).

Answer 2

Dietrich's answer is a good one, but I just want to add that the simplest form of deferred evaluation is the if statement:

if True:
  x = 5
else:
  x = y    # huh? what is y?

This code parses and runs correctly, although the else clause makes no sense - y is undefined. The else clause is only being parsed - so it should be valid Python syntactically. This can be actually used for some simple code:

if stuff:
   print stuff.contents
else:
   print "no stuff"

In a strongly typed language this wouldn't work, because to type stuff.contents requires stuff to be of a certain type that has a contents attribute. In Python, because of the deferred evaluation of the statements in if, this isn't necessarily true. stuff can be None which obviously has no attributes, and the interpreter will just take the else clause without executing the first. Hence this is valid Python and even an idiom, that makes code simpler.

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