Unfortunately it looks like the default ControlTemplate for ToolBar doesn't use an ItemsPresenter, it uses a ToolBarPanel, so setting ToolBar.ItemsPanel won't have any effect.
ToolBarPanel inherits from StackPanel. By default its Orientation is bound to the parent ToolBar.Orientation, but you can override this and set its Orientation to Vertical with a Style and this will allow items to stretch horizontally:
<DockPanel>
<ToolBar DockPanel.Dock="Top">
<ToolBar.Resources>
<Style TargetType="{x:Type ToolBarPanel}">
<Setter Property="Orientation" Value="Vertical"/>
</Style>
</ToolBar.Resources>
<ComboBox HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" SelectedIndex="0">
<ComboBoxItem>A B C</ComboBoxItem>
<ComboBoxItem>1 2 3</ComboBoxItem>
<ComboBoxItem>Do Re Mi</ComboBoxItem>
</ComboBox>
</ToolBar>
<Border Margin="10" BorderBrush="Yellow" BorderThickness="3"/>
</DockPanel>
You can then use a Grid or something in place of the ComboBox above if you want multiple items on a line.