Short answer: No.
Longer answer: Usually, PDF documents are not rendered by the browser directly, but rather by some specialized PDF reader. As soon as the browser sees a content type of application/pdf
, it passes the response along to the reader. Nothing you would do in your HTTP headers, HTML or JavaScript would make it across the gap between the browser and that other program, and the PDF format itself contains no switch to enable any kind of modal user interface.
Update: Rendering the PDF as an image would allow you to display the graphical content of the document in a more modal fashion. You still are not able to block the user from closing the browser, but you would be able to "lock down" anything else on your page while the image is displayed.
Related: How do I convert a PDF document to a preview image in PHP?