You could try copying the project templates from the default folder into the personal templates folder. To do this:
- Go to "%PROGRAMFILES%\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0\Common7\IDE\ProjectTemplates\CSharp\Web\1033" (folder might vary since I'm using VS2010 Ultimate, but you can locate the folder easily by just looking for ProjectTemplates folder at %PROGRAMFILES%).
- Locate and copy the MvcWebApplicationProjectTemplatev2.0.cs.zip and EmptyMvcWebApplicationProjectTemplatev2.0.cs.zip files into "%HOMEPATH%\My Documents\Visual Studio 2010\Templates\ProjectTemplates\Visual C#"
- If you are running Visual Studio you'll need to restart it before you can see any effects.
Note that if you are VB.NET instead of C# you'll need to adjust the provided paths to match VB.
Nevertheless I'd suggest that you try uninstalling and then re-installing ASP.NET MVC since this steps won't plug-in all the tooling MVC provides for VS.