Such a problem could have multiple source : apache (or any webserver), php, symfony, etc.
I would first try to use the "application_name_dev.php" front controller on production server to see what's going on.
Then enabling log in production is a good idea, on both apache and symfony levels.
for the symfony part in factories.yml (in SF 1.4, don't know about other versions)
prod:
logger:
class: sfAggregateLogger
param:
level: err
loggers:
sf_file_debug:
class: sfFileLogger
param:
level: err
file: %SF_LOG_DIR%/%SF_APP%_%SF_ENVIRONMENT%.log
We also use a hook that catch any uncaught exception and send us detail via email, but that's once the website is up