What does "<?=" mean when seen in PHP

Question

Sorry for the silly question, but I ran across code that used:

<?=$MAP_OBJECT->printOnLoad();?>
<?=$MAP_OBJECT->printMap();?>
<?=$MAP_OBJECT->printSidebar();?>

Is there anything special about <?= over <?php or just plain <? ?

Answer 1

It's a shorthand for <?php echo $MAP_OBJECT->printOnLoad(); ?>. Simpler way to write it when you're making PHP-based templates and things.

Be careful, though. My understanding (though I've never run into it myself) is that the shorthand version can be disabled on some servers.

Answer 2

<?= is not one thing. It's actually <? and then = . As @derekerdmann has mentioned, this is an unrecommended configuration.

Give the following a look:

• Are PHP short tags acceptable to use?
• PHP echo vs PHP short tags

Answer 3

They are shorthand of <?php echo .... ?> known as short tags. You should avoid using them because:

• They seem to be turned off on some servers
• They can get you in trouble in terms of security
• They can create conflict with processing instructions like <?xml ... ?>

Therefore you should never use them again, also have a look at:

PHP Short Open Tag: Convenient Shortcut or Short Changing Security?

Answer 4

Just to correct all these misguiding answers:

short open tags are not going to be removed or deprecated.

Answer 5

Rather than talking about whether short_open_tags is deprecated or not we should talk about the advantages and disadvantages when using short open tags:

Advantages

Using the short open tags <? along with <?= is shorter and probably easier to write than the standard opening tags <?php and <?php echo respectively. That’s quite handy when using PHP directly in a template. (That’s probably also the reason why PHP has an alternative syntax for control structures.)

Disadvantages

Requires a specific configuration

When using short open tags you are required to have short_open_tags enabled. If you or your web hosting provider decides to disable short_open_tags, your application probably won’t work any more and you can have some serious security issues. Because if short_open_tags is disabled, only the standard opening tags <?php are recognized and everything inside short opening tags is treated as plain text. (See also the blog post referenced in Sarfraz Ahmed’s answer.)

This requirement makes your PHP application less portable if you aim to write applications that are not just for you. That’a also why many recommend not to use short open tags (including the PHP manual):

Note: Using short tags should be avoided when developing applications or libraries that are meant for redistribution, or deployment on PHP servers which are not under your control, because short tags may not be supported on the target server. For portable, redistributable code, be sure not to use short tags.

Conflicts with XML processing instructions

Another issue is when using XML processing instructions like <?xml … ?>. When short_open_tags is enabled you cannot use them directly in your code but need to use PHP to output it:

If you want to use PHP in combination with XML, you can disable this option in order to use <?xml ?> inline. Otherwise, you can print it with PHP, for example: <?php echo '<?xml version="1.0"?>'; ?>.

Otherwise PHP will choke on the xml in <?xml.

Now some last words about the deprecation: Currently short_open_tags is not deprecated. Otherwise the manual would state that explicitly. Additionally, Rasmus Lerdorf, inventor of PHP, wrote in a reply on the question “Is it true that short_open_tag is deprecated in PHP 6?” on the internals mailing list that there were several reasons not to remove short_open_tags in PHP 6:

Which is one of the reasons we decided not to remove them in PHP 6.