You need a code generator that can read your DB structure and then generate your back-end based on a few additional definitions you may supply.
Like @animuson said, "there are too many things that your data can mean". However, only a limited subset of those "many things" is relevant to you, so you can associate a well-defined meaning (from that subset) to a specific field or data set. The code generator will then act on that specification and generate the correct back-end code.
Model-driven development will help you here because a model of, let's say, a table column, may contain only the definitions that are needed to properly understand the meaning of that column.
There are tools on the market for this, open-source and commercial, that will help you define your models and build your code generators.
Of course, there is an additional cost of building and maintaining your code generator, but once you have it you start reaping the benefits in time savings and less errors.