I come from a SQL Server background and thought that it might mean it was a temporary table, but after reading up on MySql temp tables I don't think that's true.
I'm seeing it in the following context:
SELECT ID, Name FROM #_SomeName
UPDATE
This query is defined in a PHP string and then run against the MySQL Database. I'm not sure if that would make a difference or not...
here is the PHP code i'm running:
$query="select id, name from #__SomeName";
$db=&JFactory::getDBO();
$db->setQuery($query);