Accessing Ruby Class Variables with class_eval and instance_eval

Question

I have the following:

class Test
    @@a = 10

    def show_a()
        puts "a: #{@@a}"
    end

    class << self
      @@b = '40'

      def show_b
        puts "b: #{@@b}"
    end
  end
end

Why does following work:

Test.instance_eval{show_b}
b: 40
=> nil

But I can't access @@b directly?

Test.instance_eval{ @@b }
NameError: uninitialized class variable @@b in Object

Likewise, the following works

t = Test.new
t.instance_eval{show_a}
a: 10
=> nil

but the following fails

t.instance_eval{ @@a }
NameError: uninitialized class variable @@a in Object

I don't understand why I can't access the Class Variables directly from the instance_eval blocks.

Answer 1

Well, probably the best answer is "just because": the instance_eval in a nutshell creates some kind of singleton proc that is invoked with the binding of a given object. I agree that is sounds a bit strange, but it is what it is.

If you execute instance_eval with a string, you will even get a warning that your method tries to access class variable:

irb(main):038:0> Test.new.instance_eval "@@a"
(eval):1: warning: class variable access from toplevel singleton method
NameError: (eval):1:in `irb_binding': uninitialized class variable ...

Answer 2

I just asked the same question to Matz during the RubyKaigi party. I was half-drunk, but he was perfectly sober, so you can take this as the definitive answer.

Anton is right - the reason why you cannot access class variables through instance_eval() is "just because". Even class_eval() shares the same issue (Matz himself wasn't totally sure about class_eval() until I told him I'd already tried it). More specifically: scope-wise, class variables are more like constants than instance variables, so switching self (as instance_eval() and class_eval() do) is not going to make any difference when it comes to accessing them.

In general, it might be a good idea to avoid class variables altogether.

Answer 3

EDIT: below code was tested with 1.8.7 and 1.9.1...it seems the situation is different again with 1.9.2 :/

The situation actually isn't that straight forward. There are differences in behaviour depending on whether you're using 1.8 or 1.9 and whether you're using class_eval or instance_eval.

The examples below detail the behaviour in most situations.

I also included the behaviour of constants, for good measure, as their behaviour is similar to, but not exactly the same as, class variables.

Class variables

class_eval in Ruby 1.8:

class Hello
    @@foo = :foo
end

Hello.class_eval { @@foo } #=> uninitialized class variable

class_eval in Ruby 1.9:

Hello.class_eval { @@foo } #=> :foo

So class variables are looked up in 1.9 (but not in 1.8) when using class_eval

instance_eval in Ruby 1.8 and 1.9

Hello.instance_eval { @@foo } #=> uninitialized class variable
Hello.new.instance_eval { @@foo } #=> uninitialized class variable

It appears class variables are not looked up in 1.8 or 1.9 when using instance_eval

What is also interesting is the case for constants:

Constants

class_eval in Ruby 1.8

class Hello
    Foo = :foo
end

Hello.class_eval { Foo } #=> uninitialized constant

class_eval in Ruby 1.9

Hello.class_eval { Foo } #=> :foo

So, as with class variables, constants are looked up in 1.9 but not in 1.8 for class_eval

instance_eval in Ruby 1.8

Hello.instance_eval { Foo } #=> uninitialized constant
Hello.new.instance_eval { Foo } #=> uninitialized constant

instance_eval in Ruby 1.9

Hello.instance_eval { Foo } #=> uninitialized constant
Hello.new.instance_eval { Foo } #=> :foo

It appears that constant lookup is not quite analogous to class variable look up for Ruby 1.9. A Hello instance does get access to the constant while the Hello class does not.