This is for the record only. I received the above exception when trying to implement Sample Sync Adapter application. I have seen numerous posts related to this issue but no satisfactory response. So I will jot down my solution here in case anyone else gets into the same issue.
First, check the condition explained on this post http://loganandandy.tumblr.com/post/613041897/caller-uid-is-different
Second, if you are like me and want to embed the sample into your existing app for testing then make sure you use Constants class that is part of this example and not under android.provider.SyncStateContract package. Because both classes use the same attribute name ACCOUNT_TYPE that is used when creating Account object.
HTH, Paul