flush() java file handling

Question

What is the exact use of flush()? What is the difference between stream and buffer? Why do we need buffer?

Answer 1

flush tells an output stream to send all the data to the underlying stream. It's necessary because of internal buffering. The essential purpose of a buffer is to minimize calls to the underlying stream's APIs. If I'm storing a long byte array to a FileOutputStream, I don't want Java to call the operating system file API once per byte. Thus, buffers are used at various stages, both inside and outside Java. Even if you did call fputc once per byte, the OS wouldn't really write to disk each time, because it has its own buffering.

Answer 2

The data sometimes gets cached before it's actually written to disk (in a buffer) flush causes what's in the buffer to be written to disk.

Answer 3

The advantage of buffering is efficiency. It is generally faster to write a block of 4096 bytes one time to a file than to write, say, one byte 4096 times.

The disadvantage of buffering is that you miss out on the feedback. Output to a handle can remain in memory until enough bytes are written to make it worthwhile to write to the file handle. One part of your program may write some data to a file, but a different part of the program or a different program can't access that data until the first part of your program copies the data from memory to disk. Depending on how quickly data is being written to that file, this can take an arbitrarily long time.

When you call flush(), you are asking the OS to immediately write out whatever data is in the buffer to the file handle, even if the buffer is not full.