COALESCE - guaranteed to short-circuit?

Question

From this question, a neat answer about using COALESCE to simplify complex logic trees. I considered the problem of short circuiting.

For instance, in functions in most languages, arguments are fully evaluated and are then passed into the function. In C:

int f(float x, float y) {
    return x;
}

f(a, a / b) ; // This will result in an error if b == 0

That does not appear to be a limitation of the COALESCE "function" in SQL Server:

CREATE TABLE Fractions (
    Numerator float
    ,Denominator float
)

INSERT INTO Fractions VALUES (1, 1)
INSERT INTO Fractions VALUES (1, 2)
INSERT INTO Fractions VALUES (1, 3)
INSERT INTO Fractions VALUES (1, 0)
INSERT INTO Fractions VALUES (2, 0)
INSERT INTO Fractions VALUES (3, 0)

SELECT Numerator
    ,Denominator
    ,COALESCE(
     CASE WHEN Denominator = 0 THEN 0 ELSE NULL END,
     CASE WHEN Numerator <> 0 THEN Numerator / Denominator ELSE NULL END,
     0
    ) AS TestCalc
FROM Fractions

DROP TABLE Fractions

If it were evaluating the second case when Denominator = 0, I would expect to see an error like:

Msg 8134, Level 16, State 1, Line 1
Divide by zero error encountered.

I found some mentions related to Oracle. And some tests with SQL Server. Looks like the short-circuiting might break down when you include user-defined functions.

So, is this behavior supposed to be guaranteed by the ANSI standard?

Answer 1

I was also surprised to see that answer works! I'm not sure this behaviour is guaranteed. (but I have not been able to find an example that does not work!)

5 years of sql and I'm still surprised.

I also went ahead and did one more change :

INSERT INTO #Fractions VALUES (0, 0)


SELECT Numerator
    ,Denominator
    ,coalesce (
        CASE WHEN Denominator = 0 THEN 0 ELSE NULL END,
        CASE WHEN Numerator <> 0 THEN Numerator / Denominator ELSE NULL END)
     AS TestCalc
FROM #Fractions

the result I got was :

Numerator   Denominator TestCalc
1             1           1
1             2           0.5
1             3           0.3333333333333335
1             0           0
2             0           0
3             0           0
0             0           0

Now I'm even more confused! for the case when num=0 and den=0 , how did I get testcalc as 0 (especially since I removed the 0 after the last case!)

Answer 2

I just had a look at the linked article and can confirm short circuiting can fail for both COALESCE and ISNULL.

It seems to fail if you have any sub-query involved, but works fine for scalar functions and hard coded values.

Eg.

DECLARE @test INT
SET @test = 1
PRINT 'test2'
SET @test = COALESCE(@test, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sysobjects))
SELECT 'test2', @test
-- OUCH a scan through sysobjects

COALESCE is implemented according to the ANSI standard it is simply shorthand for a CASE statement. ISNULL is not part of the ANSI standard. Section 6.9 does not seem to require short circuiting explicitly but it does imply that the first true clause in the when statement should be returned.

Here is some proof that is works for scalar based functions (ran on sql 2005):

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.evil 
(
)
RETURNS int
AS
BEGIN
    -- create an huge delay 
    declare @c int
    select @c = count(*) from sysobjects a
    join sysobjects b on 1=1
    join sysobjects c on 1=1
    join sysobjects d on 1=1
    join sysobjects e on 1=1
    join sysobjects f on 1=1
    return @c / 0
END
go

select dbo.evil()
-- takes forever

select ISNULL(1,  dbo.evil())
-- very fast 

select COALESCE(1,  dbo.evil())
-- very fast

Here is some proof that the underlying implementation with CASE will execute sub queries.

DECLARE @test INT
SET @test = 1
select 
    case 
     when @test is not null then @test
     when @test = 2 then (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sysobjects)
     when 1=0 then (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sysobjects)  
     else (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sysobjects) 
    end
-- OUCH 2 table scans. if 1=0 does not result in a table scan

Answer 3

The efficient way to guarantee short circuit in MS SQL Server is to use CASE. For the success WHEN clause, no others are evaluated.

COALESCE can have issues

In this instance, why have so many branches in the COALESCE/CASE constructs?

SELECT Numerator
    ,Denominator
    ,CASE
        WHEN Denominator = 0 THEN 0 END,
        ELSE Numerator / Denominator
     END AS TestCalc
FROM Fractions